The role of emerging bipoles in the formation of a sunspot penumbra

TL;DR

This study investigates how emerging bipoles contribute magnetic flux to forming sunspot penumbrae, revealing that flux from emerging bipoles migrates and merges with the spot, facilitating penumbra development.

Contribution

It provides observational evidence linking emerging bipoles to flux accumulation and penumbra formation in sunspots, a process not fully understood before.

Findings

Emerging bipoles supply magnetic flux to the proto-spot.

The polarity poles migrate towards the spot and merge.

Flux accumulation leads to penumbra formation.

Abstract

The generation of magnetic flux in the solar interior and its transport from the convection zone into the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona will be in the focus of solar physics research for the next decades. With 4m class telescopes, one plans to measure essential processes of radiative magneto-hydrodynamics that are needed to understand the nature of solar magnetic fields. One key-ingredient to understand the behavior of solar magnetic field is the process of flux emergence into the solar photosphere, and how the magnetic flux reorganizes to form the magnetic phenomena of active regions like sunspots and pores. Here, we present a spectropolarimetric and imaging data set from a region of emerging magnetic flux, in which a proto-spot without penumbra forms a penumbra. During the formation of the penumbra the area and the magnetic flux of the spot increases. First results of our data analysis demonstrate that the additional magnetic flux, which contributes to the increasing area of the penumbra, is supplied by the region of emerging magnetic flux. We observe emerging bipoles that are aligned such that the spot polarity is closer to the spot. As an emerging bipole separates, the pole of the spot polarity migrates towards the spot, and finally merges with it. We speculate that this is a fundamental process, which makes the sunspot accumulate magnetic flux. As more and more flux is accumulated a penumbra forms and transforms the proto-spot into a fully-fledged sunspot.