A vacuum component of the Universe must evolve

TL;DR

This paper explores the evolution of the vacuum energy component of the Universe through quantum and classical phases, proposing a dynamic model that addresses the cosmological constant problem and matches observational data.

Contribution

It introduces a model combining quantum phase transitions and holographic principles to explain vacuum energy evolution and resolve the cosmological constant crisis.

Findings

Vacuum energy density decreases by 45 orders during expansion

The model predicts a nearly constant equation of state w = -1

Vacuum energy density evolution matches observations from z=0 to z=10^11

Abstract

The evolution of a vacuum component of the Universe is investigated in the quantum as well as the classical regimes. Probably our Universe has arisen as a vacuum fluctuation and very probably that it has had a high symmetry for Planckian parameters. Besides, vacuum energy density has to be a positive one. In the early epochs during its cooling the Universe had been losing the high symmetry by phase transitions since condensates of quantum fields carried negative contributions (78 orders) to its positive energy density. It was the period of the Universe evolution during the first parts of the first second of its life. After the last phase transition (quark-hadron) the vacuum energy `has hardened'. In this moment its energy density can be calculated using the Zeldovich's formula inserting an average value of the pseudo-Goldstone boson masses (pi-mesons) that characterizes this chromodynamical vacuum. The chiral symmetry was then lost. Dynamics of the equilibrium vacuum after its `hardness' is considered by applying the holographic conception. In this case the Universe has been losing vacuum energy (45 orders) on organization of new quantum states during 13.76 x 10^9 years. Using this conception we can get solution of the cosmological constant problem. 123 crisis orders problem may be resolved. The density of vacuum energy cannot have a constant value in principle because of the new quantum states are organized during expansion of the Universe but the equation of state vacuum w= - 1 should be naturally constant. The density of vacuum energy from z=0 up to z=10^11 is also calculated in the classical regime of the Universe evolution.