Distinguishing Dark Matter Stabilization Symmetries Using Multiple Kinematic Edges and Cusps

TL;DR

This paper proposes methods to distinguish dark matter stabilization symmetries, such as Z_2 versus Z_3, at colliders by analyzing kinematic edges and cusps in invariant mass distributions of decay products.

Contribution

It introduces novel collider signatures, including multiple kinematic edges and cusps, to differentiate between Z_2 and Z_3 dark matter stabilization symmetries.

Findings

Z_3 models produce two kinematic edges in invariant mass distributions.

Cusp features in invariant mass distributions can distinguish Z_3 from Z_2 symmetries.

Techniques are applicable across various spin configurations and model specifics.

Abstract

We emphasize that the stabilizing symmetry for dark matter (DM) particles does not have to be the commonly used parity (Z_2) symmetry. We therefore examine the potential of the colliders to distinguish models with parity stabilized DM from models in which the DM is stabilized by other symmetries. We often take the latter to be a Z_3 symmetry for illustration. We focus on signatures where a single particle, charged under the DM stabilization symmetry decays into the DM and Standard Model (SM) particles. Such a Z_3-charged "mother" particle can decay into one or two DM particles along with the same SM particles. This can be contrasted with the decay of a Z_2-charged mother particle, where only one DM particle appears. Thus, if the intermediate particles in these decay chains are off-shell, then the reconstructed invariant mass of the SM particles exhibits two kinematic edges for the Z_3 case but only one for the Z_2 case. For the case of on-shell intermediate particles, distinguishing the two symmetries requires more than the kinematic edges. In this case, we note that certain decay chain "topologies" of the mother particle which are present for the Z_3 case (but absent for the Z_2 case) generate a "cusp" in the invariant mass distribution of the SM particles. We demonstrate that this cusp is generally invariant of the various spin configurations. We further apply these techniques within the context of explicit models.