Astrophysical Black Holes in the Physical Universe

TL;DR

This paper discusses the nature, formation, evidence, and implications of astrophysical black holes, proposing criteria for their identification and exploring their role in the universe's evolution.

Contribution

It clarifies the concept of astrophysical black holes, proposes new criteria for their identification, and discusses their significance in cosmic evolution and the need for quantum gravity theories.

Findings

Astrophysical black holes are confirmed in galactic systems and gamma-ray bursts.

Proposed five criteria for identifying astrophysical black holes.

Discussion on the potential for non-horizon compact objects to influence cosmic fate.

Abstract

In this chapter I focus on asking and answering the following questions: (1) What is a black hole? Answer: There are three types of black holes, namely mathematical black holes, physical black holes and astrophysical black holes. An astrophysical black hole, with mass distributed within its event horizon but not concentrated at the singularity point, is not a mathematical black hole. (2) Can astrophysical black holes be formed in the physical universe? Answer: Yes, at least this can be done with gravitational collapse. (3) How can we prove that what we call astrophysical black holes are really black holes? Answer: Finding direct evidence of event horizon is not the way to go. Instead I propose five criteria which meet the highest standard for recognizing new discoveries in experimental physics and observational astronomy. (4) Do we have sufficient evidence to claim the existence of astrophysical black holes in the physical universe? Answer: Yes, astrophysical black holes have been found at least in some galactic binary systems, at the center of almost every galaxy, and as the central engines of at least some long gamma-ray bursts. (5) Will all matter in the universe eventually fall into black holes? Answer: Probably "no", because "naked" compact objects, if they do exist with radii smaller than the radii of event horizons for their masses but are not enclosed by event horizons, can rescue the universe from an eternal death by re-cycling out the matter previously accreted into astrophysical black holes. Finally I also discuss briefly if we need a quantum theory of gravity in order to further understand astrophysical black holes, and what further astronomical observations and telescopes are needed to make further progress on our understanding of astrophysical black holes.