Signal of quark deconfinement in thermal evolution neutron stars with deconfinement heating

TL;DR

This paper models how deconfinement phase transitions in neutron stars during spin-down can cause observable increases in surface temperature, potentially serving as evidence for quark matter in their cores.

Contribution

It presents a self-consistent model of neutron star thermal evolution incorporating deconfinement heating and predicts observable temperature signatures.

Findings

Deconfinement heating delays cooling and raises surface temperature.

A sharp temperature jump occurs when quark matter appears in the core.

Surface temperature increase may serve as evidence for quark deconfinement.

Abstract

As neutron stars spin-down and contract, the deconfinement phase transition can continue to occur, resulting in energy release(so-called deconfinement heating) in case of the first-order phase transition. The thermal evolution of neutron stars is investigated to combine phase transition and the related energy release self-consistently. We find that the appearance of deconfinement heating during spin-down result in not only the cooling delay but also the increase of surface temperature of stars. For stars characterized by intermediate and weak magnetic field strength, a period of increasing surface temperature could exist. Especially, a sharp jump in surface temperature can be produced as soon as quark matter appears in the core of stars with a weak magnetic field. We think that this may serve as evidence for the existence of deconfinement quark matter. The results show that deconfinement heating facilitates the emergence of such characteristic signature during the thermal evolution process of neutron stars.