Formation of the Q ball in the thermal logarithmic potential and its properties

TL;DR

This study uses lattice simulations to analyze the formation and evolution of Q-balls in a thermal logarithmic potential, revealing how their properties change with temperature and potential dominance.

Contribution

It provides new insights into Q-ball formation in thermal environments and the transition between thick-wall and thin-wall types under different potential influences.

Findings

Q-ball charge relates to the initial amplitude of the Affleck-Dine field.

Q-ball properties such as size and central field value evolve over time.

Transition from thick-wall to thin-wall Q-balls occurs even when gravity-mediation potential dominates.

Abstract

We investigate the Q-ball formation in the thermal logarithmic potential by means of the lattice simulation, and reconfirm qualitatively the relation between Q-ball charge and the amplitude of the Affleck-Dine field at the onset of its oscillation. We find time dependence of some properties of the Q ball, such as its size and the field value at its center. Since the thermal logarithmic potential decreases as the temperature falls down, the gravity-mediation potential will affect the properties of the Q ball. Even in the case when the gravity-mediation potential alone does not allow Q-ball solution, we find the transformation from the thick-wall type of the Q ball to the thin-wall type, contrary to the naive expectation that the Q balls will be destroyed immediately when the gravity-mediation potential becomes dominant at the center of the Q ball.