Hybrid gap modes induced by fiber taper waveguides: application in spectroscopy of single solid-state emitters deposited on thin films

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates through simulations that fiber taper waveguides can efficiently enhance and detect single emitter signals on thin films, enabling improved spectroscopy techniques with high field confinement and signal enhancement.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of hybrid gap modes in fiber taper waveguides for single emitter spectroscopy, showing potential for high emission enhancement and collection efficiency.

Findings

High spontaneous emission enhancement factors (~20)

Fluorescence collection efficiencies (~23%)

Transmission extinction (~20%)

Abstract

We show, via simulations, that an optical fiber taper waveguide can be an efficient tool for photoluminescence and resonant, extinction spectroscopy of single emitters, such as molecules or colloidal quantum dots, deposited on the surface of a thin dielectric membrane. Placed over a high refractive index membrane, a tapered fiber waveguide induces the formation of hybrid mode waves, akin to dielectric slotted waveguide modes, that provide strong field confinement in the low index gap region. The availability of such gap-confined waves yields potentially high spontaneous emission enhancement factors ($\approx20$), fluorescence collection efficiencies ($\approx 23%$), and transmission extinction ($\approx 20%$) levels. A factor of two improvement in fluorescence and extinction levels is predicted if the membrane is instead replaced with a suspended channel waveguide. Two configurations, for operation in the visible ($\approx 600 \nm$) and near-infrared ($\approx 1300 \nm$) spectral ranges are evaluated, presenting similar performances.