Unresolved X-ray emission in M31 and constraints on progenitors of Classical Novae

TL;DR

This study analyzes unresolved X-ray emission in M31, linking it to faint sources and star-forming regions, and constrains the types of progenitors responsible for Classical Novae based on X-ray data.

Contribution

It provides new constraints on the progenitors of Classical Novae by analyzing unresolved X-ray emission and its relation to different accreting systems in M31.

Findings

Extended X-ray emission is present in the disk and star-forming ring of M31.

Magnetic cataclysmic variables contribute less than 10% to Classical Novae progenitors.

Most material in dwarf novae is accreted during outbursts, with a small fraction during quiescence.

Abstract

We investigate unresolved X-ray emission from M31 based on an extensive set of archival XMM-Newton and Chandra data. We show that extended emission, found previously in the bulge and thought to be associated with a large number of faint compact sources, extends to the disk of the galaxy with similar X-ray to K-band luminosity ratio. We also detect excess X-ray emission associated with the 10-kpc star-forming ring. The L_X/SFR ratio in the 0.5-2 keV band ranges from zero to ~1.8 x 10^38 (erg/s)/(M_sun/yr), excluding the regions near the minor axis of the galaxy where it is ~1.5-2 times higher. The latter is likely associated with warm ionized gas of the galactic wind rather than with the star-forming ring itself. Based on this data, we constrain the nature of Classical Nova (CN) progenitors. We use the fact that hydrogen-rich material, required to trigger the explosion, accumulates on the white dwarf surface via accretion. Depending on the type of the system, the energy of accretion may be radiated at X-ray energies, thus contributing to the unresolved X-ray emission. Based on the CN rate in the bulge of M31 and its X-ray surface brightness, we show that no more than ~10 per cent of CNe can be produced in magnetic cataclysmic variables, the upper limit being ~3 per cent for parameters typical for CN progenitors. In dwarf novae, >~90-95 per cent of the material must be accreted during outbursts, when the emission spectrum is soft, and only a small fraction in quiescent periods, characterized by rather hard spectra.