Rapid dust production in submillimeter galaxies at z>4?

TL;DR

This study models the properties of six confirmed submillimeter galaxies at redshifts greater than 4, revealing their star formation, dust, and gas characteristics, and exploring dust origins in the early universe.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of z>4 SMGs, comparing their properties to lower-redshift counterparts and investigating dust production mechanisms in the early universe.

Findings

z>4 SMGs are among the most star-forming and hottest.

They exhibit similar IR-radio ratios up to z~5, lower than local values.

Dust in some SMGs could be produced by supernovae with high yields.

Abstract

The existence of submillimeter-selected galaxies (SMGs) at redshifts z>4 has recently been confirmed. Using simultaneously all the available data from UV to radio we have modeled the spectral energy distributions of the six known spectroscopically confirmed SMGs at z>4. We find that their star formation rates (average ~2500 MSun yr^{-1}), stellar (~3.6x10^{11} MSun) and dust (~6.7x10^{8} MSun) masses, extinction (A_V~2.2 mag), and gas-to-dust ratios (~60) are within the ranges for 1.7<z<3.6 SMGs. Our analysis suggests that infrared-to-radio luminosity ratios of SMGs do not change up to redshift ~5 and are lower by a factor of ~2.1 than the value corresponding to the local IR-radio correlation. However, we also find dissimilarities between z>4 and lower-redshift SMGs. Those at z>4 tend to be among the most star-forming, least massive and hottest (~60 K) SMGs and exhibit the highest fraction of stellar mass formed in the ongoing starburst (~45%). This indicates that at z>4 we see earlier stages of evolution of submillimeter-bright galaxies. Using the derived properties for z>4 SMGs we investigate the origin of dust at epochs less than 1.5 Gyr after the big bang. This is significant to our understanding of the evolution of the early universe. For three z>4 SMGs, asymptotic giant branch stars could be the dominant dust producers. However, for the remaining three only supernovae (SNe) are efficient and fast enough to be responsible for dust production, though requiring a very high dust yield per SN (0.15-0.65 MSun). The required dust yields are lower if a top-heavy initial mass function or significant dust growth in the interstellar medium is assumed. We estimate lower limits of the contribution of SMGs to the cosmic star formation and stellar mass densities at z~4-5 to be ~4% and ~1%, respectively.