Sequential Star Formation in RCW 34: A Spectroscopic Census of the Stellar Content of High-mass Star-forming Regions

TL;DR

This study uses spectroscopic and photometric data to analyze the sequential star formation process in RCW 34, revealing a progression from bubble formation to active star formation in different regions over 2-3 million years.

Contribution

It provides a detailed spectroscopic census of RCW 34, identifying the ages and types of stars, and proposes a scenario for the sequential star formation in this high-mass star-forming region.

Findings

Distance to RCW 34 is 2.5 ± 0.2 kpc.

Star formation propagates from South to North.

Multiple star formation episodes with ages 1-2 Myrs.

Abstract

We present VLT/SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of RCW 34 along with Spitzer/IRAC photometry of the surroundings. RCW 34 consists of three different regions. A large bubble has been detected on the IRAC images in which a cluster of intermediate- and low-mass class II objects is found. At the northern edge of this bubble, an HII region is located, ionized by 3 OB stars. Intermediate mass stars (2 - 3 Msun) are detected of G- and K- spectral type. These stars are still in the pre-main sequence (PMS) phase. North of the HII region, a photon-dominated region is present, marking the edge of a dense molecular cloud traced by H2 emission. Several class 0/I objects are associated with this cloud, indicating that star formation is still taking place. The distance to RCW 34 is revised to 2.5 +- 0.2 kpc and an age estimate of 2 - 1 Myrs is derived from the properties of the PMS stars inside the HII region. The most likely scenario for the formation of the three regions is that star formation propagates from South to North. First the bubble is formed, produced by intermediate- and low-mass stars only, after that, the HII region is formed from a dense core at the edge of the molecular cloud, resulting in the expansion as a champagne flow. More recently, star formation occurred in the rest of the molecular cloud. Two different formation scenarios are possible: (a) The bubble with the cluster of low- and intermediate mass stars triggered the formation of the O star at the edge of the molecular cloud which in turn induces the current star-formation in the molecular cloud. (b) An external triggering is responsible for the star-formation propagating from South to North. [abridged]