Knot Tightening By Constrained Gradient Descent

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel constrained gradient descent method to compute approximately length-minimizing polygons with fixed thickness, modeling tight knotted tubes and improving existing ropelength measurements for various knots and links.

Contribution

The authors develop a new constrained gradient descent approach for ropelength minimization, providing explicit generators for the cone of variations and criticality criteria, along with extensive numerical results.

Findings

Computed 379 almost-critical prime knots and links.

First published ropelength figures for certain links.

Discovered highly symmetric tight knots with simple contact maps.

Abstract

We present new computations of approximately length-minimizing polygons with fixed thickness. These curves model the centerlines of "tight" knotted tubes with minimal length and fixed circular cross-section. Our curves approximately minimize the ropelength (or quotient of length and thickness) for polygons in their knot types. While previous authors have minimized ropelength for polygons using simulated annealing, the new idea in our code is to minimize length over the set of polygons of thickness at least one using a version of constrained gradient descent. We rewrite the problem in terms of minimizing the length of the polygon subject to an infinite family of differentiable constraint functions. We prove that the polyhedral cone of variations of a polygon of thickness one which do not decrease thickness to first order is finitely generated, and give an explicit set of generators. Using this cone we give a first-order minimization procedure and a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker criterion for polygonal ropelength criticality. Our main numerical contribution is a set of 379 almost-critical prime knots and links, covering all prime knots with no more than 10 crossings and all prime links with no more than 9 crossings. For links, these are the first published ropelength figures, and for knots they improve on existing figures. We give new maps of the self-contacts of these knots and links, and discover some highly symmetric tight knots with particularly simple looking self-contact maps.