Quasi-one- and quasi-two-dimensional perfect Bose gas: the second critical density and generalised condensation

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how anisotropic geometries in a 3D perfect Bose gas lead to two critical densities, revealing a generalized condensation phase that explains quasi-condensate phenomena in elongated traps.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of the second critical density in anisotropic geometries, linking generalized Bose-Einstein condensation to quasi-condensate behavior in elongated traps.

Findings

Identification of two critical densities in anisotropic Bose gases.

Demonstration that the quasi-condensate is a generalized condensation of type III.

Quantitative relation between anisotropy and critical exponents for condensate coherence.

Abstract

In this letter we discuss a relevance of the 3D Perfect Bose gas (PBG) condensation in extremely elongated vessels for the study of anisotropic condensate coherence and the "quasi-condensate". To this end we analyze the case of exponentially anisotropic (van den Berg) boxes, when there are two critical densities $\rho_c < \rho_m$ for a generalised Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC). Here $\rho_c$ is the standard critical density for the PBG. We consider three examples of anisotropic geometry: slabs, squared beams and "cigars" to demonstrate that the "quasi-condensate" which exists in domain $\rho_c < \rho < \rho_m$ is in fact the van den Berg-Lewis-Pul\'e generalised condensation (vdBLP-GC) of the type III with no macroscopic occupation of any mode. We show that for the slab geometry the second critical density $\rho_m$ is a threshold between quasi- two-dimensional (quasi-2D) condensate and the three dimensional (3D) regime when there is a coexistence of the "quasi-condensate" with the standard one-mode BEC. On the other hand, in the case of squared beams and "cigars" geometries critical density $\rho_m$ separates quasi-1D and 3D regimes. We calculate the value of difference between $\rho_c, \rho_m$ (and between corresponding critical temperatures $T_m, T_c$) to show that observed space anisotropy of the condensate coherence can be described by a critical exponent $\gamma(T)$ related to the anisotropic ODLRO. We compare our calculations with physical results for extremely elongated traps that manifest "quasi-condensate".