Discovery and Characterization of a Faint Stellar Companion to the A3V Star Zeta Virginis

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a faint stellar companion to the A3V star Zeta Virginis using adaptive optics, confirming its properties through imaging and spectroscopy, and discussing its implications for stellar multiplicity and X-ray emission.

Contribution

The study presents the first detection and detailed characterization of a low-mass stellar companion to an A-type star using high-contrast imaging and spectroscopy.

Findings

Companion has a mass of approximately 0.168 solar masses.

Orbital motion suggests a semi-major axis > 24.9 AU and period > 124 years.

The companion explains the star's X-ray emission.

Abstract

Through the combination of high-order Adaptive Optics and coronagraphy, we report the discovery of a faint stellar companion to the A3V star zeta Virginis. This companion is ~7 magnitudes fainter than its host star in the H-band, and infrared imaging spanning 4.75 years over five epochs indicates this companion has common proper motion with its host star. Using evolutionary models, we estimate its mass to be 0.168+/-.016 solar masses, giving a mass ratio for this system q = 0.082. Assuming the two objects are coeval, this mass suggests a M4V-M7V spectral type for the companion, which is confirmed through integral field spectroscopic measurements. We see clear evidence for orbital motion from this companion and are able to constrain the semi-major axis to be greater than 24.9 AU, the period > 124$ yrs, and eccentricity > 0.16. Multiplicity studies of higher mass stars are relatively rare, and binary companions such as this one at the extreme low end of the mass ratio distribution are useful additions to surveys incomplete at such a low mass ratio. Moreover, the frequency of binary companions can help to discriminate between binary formation scenarios that predict an abundance of low-mass companions forming from the early fragmentation of a massive circumstellar disk. A system such as this may provide insight into the anomalous X-ray emission from A stars, hypothesized to be from unseen late-type stellar companions. Indeed, we calculate that the presence of this M-dwarf companion easily accounts for the X-ray emission from this star detected by ROSAT.