Small is beautiful, and dry

TL;DR

This paper discovers a new physical relation explaining why micro-submicron scale roughness enhances superhydrophobicity and stability, supported by experimental verification, advancing the understanding and fabrication of durable superhydrophobic surfaces.

Contribution

It introduces a novel relation based on line energy effects at small scales, explaining natural surface sizes and guiding the creation of stable superhydrophobic surfaces.

Findings

Scaling down roughness increases superhydrophobic stability.

Line energy from solid-water-air intersections dominates at small scales.

Experimental results confirm the new relation's validity.

Abstract

Thousands of plant and animal species have been observed to have superhydrophobic surfaces that lead to various novel behaviors [1-5]. These observations have inspired attempts to create artificial superhydrophobic surfaces, given such surfaces have multitudinous applications [6-13]. Superhydrophobicity is an enhanced effect of surface roughness and there are known relationships that correlate surface roughness and superhydrophobicity, based on the underlying physics. However, while these recognize the level of roughness they tell us little about the independent effect of its scale. Thus, they are not capable of explaining why naturally occurring such surfaces commonly have micron-submicron sizes. Here we report on the discovery of a new relation, its physical basis and its experimental verification. The results reveal that scaling-down roughness into the micro-submicron range is a unique and elegant strategy to not only achieve superhydrophobicity but also to increase its stability against environmental disturbances. This new relation takes into account the previously overlooked but key fact that the accumulated line energy arising from the numerous solid-water-air intersections that can be distributed in the apparent contact area when air packets are trapped at small scales on the surface can dramatically increase as the roughness scale shrinks. This term can in fact become the dominant contributor to the surface energy and so becomes crucial for accomplishing superhydrophobicity. These findings guide fabrication of stable super water-repellant surfaces.