Short Term Flux and Colour Variations in Low-Energy Peaked Blazars

TL;DR

This study observed short-term optical flux and colour variations in 12 low-energy peaked blazars, revealing high duty cycles for flux changes and diverse colour-magnitude behaviors, contributing to understanding blazar emission mechanisms.

Contribution

First comprehensive multi-band optical variability analysis of low-energy peaked blazars on short timescales, highlighting differences between BL Lac objects and flat spectrum radio quasars.

Findings

High flux variability duty cycle (~92%) in blazars.

Colour variability observed in 8 out of 12 blazars.

BL Lac objects tend to become bluer with increased brightness.

Abstract

We have measured multi-band optical flux and colour variations for a sample of 12 low energy peaked blazars on short, day-to-month, timescales. Our sample contains six BL Lacertae objects and six flat spectrum radio quasars. These photometric observations, made during September 2008 to June 2009, used five optical telescopes, one in India and four in Bulgaria. We detected short term flux variations in eleven of these blazars and colour variability in eight of them. Our data indicate that six blazars (3C 66A, AO 0235+164, S5 0716+714, PKS 0735+178, OJ 287 and 3C 454.3) were observed in pre- or post-outburst states, that five (PKS 0420-014, 4C 29.45, 3C 279, PKS 1510-089 and BL Lac) were in a low state, while one (3C 273) was in an essentially steady state. The duty cycles for flux and colour variations on short timescales in these low energy peaked blazars are ~ 92 percent and ~ 33 percent, respectively. The colour vs magnitude correlations seen here support the hypothesis that BL Lac objects tend to become bluer with increase in brightness; however, flat spectrum radio quasars may show the opposite trend, and there are exceptions to these trends in both categories of blazar. We briefly discuss emission models for active galactic nuclei that might explain our results.