Photometric Evolution of SNe Ib/c 2004ao, 2004gk and 2006gi

TL;DR

This paper presents photometric observations and analysis of three Type Ib/c supernovae over 200 days, revealing their luminosity decline behaviors, ejecta properties, and possible dust formation indications.

Contribution

It provides detailed photometric data, constructs pseudo-bolometric light curves, and introduces a simplified gamma-ray deposition model for these supernovae.

Findings

SN 2006gi is a fast decliner similar to SN 1999ex.

SN 2004ao is a slow decliner within the Ib class.

A drop in light curves after day 150 suggests possible dust formation.

Abstract

Photometric observations of three core collapse supernovae (SNe 2004ao, 2004gk and 2006gi), covering about 200 days of evolution are presented and analyzed. The photometric behaviour of the three objects is consistent with their membership of the envelope-stripped type Ib/c class. Pseudo-bolometric light curves are constructed. The corresponding measured $e$-folding times are found to be faster compared to the $^{56}$Co decay (i.e. 111.3 d), suggesting that a proportion of $\gamma$-rays increasing with time have escaped without thermalization, owing to the low mass nature of the ejecta. SN 2006gi has almost identical post maximum decline phase luminosities as SN 1999ex, and found to be similar to both SNe 1999dn and 1999ex in terms of the quasi-bolometric shape, placing it among the fast decliner Ib objects. SN 2004ao appears to fit within the slow decliner Ib SNe. SNe 2004ao and 2004gk display almost identical luminosities in the [50-100] days time interval, similar to SN 1993J. A preliminary simplified $\gamma -$ray deposition model is described and applied to the computed pseudo-bolometric light curves, allowing one to find a range in the ejecta and $^{56}$Ni masses. The optical and quasi-bolometric light curves, and the $B-V$ colour evolution of SN 2004gk are found to show a sudden drop after day 150. Correlating this fact to dust formation is premature and requires further observational evidence.