The effects of forcing and dissipation on phase transitions in thin granular layers

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to explore how forcing and dissipation influence phase transitions in thin granular layers, revealing differences from equilibrium systems and highlighting the role of energy injection mechanisms.

Contribution

It demonstrates that inelasticity and energy injection mechanisms significantly affect phase behavior in granular layers, providing insights into non-equilibrium phase transitions.

Findings

Ordered phases similar to experiments are observed in simulations.

Phase separation seen in vibrated systems is absent in forced simulations.

Inelasticity suppresses the formation of ordered phases, proportional to inelasticity degree.

Abstract

Recent experimental and computational studies of vibrated thin layers of identical spheres have shown transitions to ordered phases similar to those seen in equilibrium systems. Motivated by these results, we carry out simulations of hard inelastic spheres forced by homogenous white noise. We find a transition to an ordered state of the same symmetry as that seen in the experiments, but the clear phase separation observed in the vibrated system is absent. Simulations of purely elastic spheres also show no evidence for phase separation. We show that the energy injection in the vibrated system is dramatically different in the different phases, and suggest that this creates an effective surface tension not present in the equilibrium or randomly forced systems. We do find, however, that inelasticity suppresses the onset of the ordered phase with random forcing, as is observed in the vibrating system, and that the amount of the suppression is proportional to the degree of inelasticity. The suppression depends on the details of the energy injection mechanism, but is completely eliminated when inelastic collisions are replaced by uniform system-wide energy dissipation.