Suppression of Charge Equilibration leading to the Synthesis of Exotic Nuclei

TL;DR

This paper investigates the suppression of charge equilibration in heavy-ion collisions at high energies, revealing its impact on synthesizing exotic nuclei with unusual proton-neutron ratios.

Contribution

It introduces a formula for the energy limit of charge equilibration and demonstrates how suppression at higher energies affects exotic nuclei production.

Findings

Charge equilibration occurs below a specific energy limit.

Suppression of charge equilibration enables synthesis of exotic nuclei.

Theoretical predictions align with experimental data.

Abstract

Charge equilibration between two colliding nuclei can take place in the early stage of heavy-ion collisions. A basic mechanism of charge equilibration is presented in terms of the extension of single-particle motion from one nucleus to the other, from which the upper energy-limit of the bombarding energy is introduced for significant charge equilibration at the early stage of the collision. The formula for this limit is presented, and is compared to various experimental data. It is examined also by comparison to three-dimensional time-dependent density functional calculations. The suppression of charge equilibration, which appears in collisions at the energies beyond the upper energy-limit, gives rise to remarkable effects on the synthesis of exotic nuclei with extreme proton-neutron asymmetry.