Relaxing constraints on dark matter annihilation

TL;DR

This paper proposes a scenario where heavy dark matter particles can have much lower annihilation rates than traditionally assumed, involving microhalo formation and gravothermal collapse, allowing the universe to return to radiation dominance before nucleosynthesis.

Contribution

It introduces a new cosmological evolution scenario for heavy dark matter particles that relaxes the standard annihilation constraints.

Findings

Heavy dark matter can have <sigma v> much lower than 10^{-26} cm^3/sec.

Microhalo formation and collapse lead to dark matter annihilation.

Universe can revert to radiation dominance before nucleosynthesis.

Abstract

The relic abundance of thermal dark matter particles is generally assumed to be inversely proportional to their annihilation rate, which is therefore constrained by the present matter density, <sigma v> ~ 10^{-26} Omega_{dm}^{-1} cm^3 sec^{-1}. Here we point out that much lower values of <sigma v> are possible for heavy dark matter candidates (m < 10 TeV) that couple to other particle species through the electroweak force. With heavy dark matter particles present the early universe may evolve according to the following scenario. After an early entry into matter-dominated phase, dark matter particles form self-gravitating microhalos. Collisional interaction between dark matter particles and the surrounding radiation field eventually leads to microhalos gravothermal collapse and annihilation of most dark matter particles. For sufficiently heavy dark matter candidates (m < 10 TeV) the universe can return to radiation-dominated phase before the nucleosynthesis and thereafter follow the "standard" scenario.