Hybrid gamma Doradus - delta Scuti pulsators: New insights into the physics of the oscillations from Kepler observations

TL;DR

This study uses Kepler data to reveal that most main sequence pulsating stars exhibit hybrid oscillations, challenging the previous notion of distinct pure $ ext{g}$ or $ ext{p}$ mode pulsators and proposing a new classification scheme.

Contribution

It demonstrates that nearly all observed $ ext{A}$ and $ ext{F}$ type stars show hybrid pulsations, and introduces a new classification scheme based on amplitude and frequency.

Findings

Most stars show both $ ext{g}$ and $ ext{p}$ mode frequencies.

Pure $ ext{g}$ or $ ext{p}$ mode pulsators are rare or nonexistent.

A new classification scheme for pulsators is proposed.

Abstract

Observations of the pulsations of stars can be used to infer their interior structure and test theoretical models. The main sequence $\gamma$ Doradus (Dor) and $\delta$ Scuti (Sct) stars with masses 1.2-2.5 $M_{\sun}$ are particularly useful for these studies. The $\gamma$ Dor stars pulsate in high-order $g$ modes with periods of order 1 day, driven by convective blocking at the base of their envelope convection zone. The $\delta$ Sct stars pulsate in low-order $g$ and $p$ modes with periods of order 2 hours, driven by the $\kappa$ mechanism operating in the Heii ionization zone. Theory predicts an overlap region in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram between instability regions, where 'hybrid' stars pulsating in both types of modes should exist. The two types of modes with properties governed by different portions of the stellar interior provide complementary model constraints. Among the known $\gamma$ Dor and $\delta$ Sct stars, only four have been confirmed as hybrids. Now, analysis of combined Quarter 0 and Quarter 1 Kepler data for hundreds of variable stars shows that the frequency spectra are so rich that there are practically no pure $\delta$ Sct or $\gamma$ Dor pulsators, i.e. essentially all of the stars show frequencies in both the $\delta$ Sct and $\gamma$ Dor frequency range. A new observational classification scheme is proposed that takes into account the amplitude as well as the frequency, and is applied to categorize 234 stars as $\delta$ Sct, $\gamma$ Dor, $\delta$ Sct/$\gamma$ Dor or $\gamma$ Dor/$\delta$ Sct hybrids.