# Characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer using high definition spatial profiling

## TL;DR

This study uses a new high-resolution spatial profiling method to map immune cells in colorectal cancer tissues and reveals distinct immune cell populations at the tumor periphery.

## Contribution

The study introduces the use of the Visium HD platform for high-definition spatial profiling of FFPE CRC tissues, enabling single-cell-scale transcriptomic analysis.

## Key findings

- Two pro-tumor macrophage subpopulations were identified with distinct gene expression profiles in specific tumor regions.
- A clonally expanded T cell population was localized using in situ gene expression analysis.
- An anti-tumor macrophage subpopulation was identified in the microenvironment of the clonally expanded T cells.

## Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-deadliest cancer in the world, yet a deeper understanding of spatial patterns of gene expression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains elusive. Here, we introduce the Visium HD platform (10x Genomics) and use it to investigate human CRC and normal adjacent mucosal tissues from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples. The first assay available on Visium HD is a probe-based spatial transcriptomics workflow that was developed to enable whole transcriptome single cell scale analysis. We demonstrate highly refined unsupervised spatial clustering in Visium HD data that aligns with the hallmarks of colon tissue morphology and is notably improved over earlier Visium assays. Using serial sections from the same FFPE blocks we generate a single cell atlas of our samples, then we integrate the data to comprehensively characterize the immune cell types present in the TME, specifically at the tumor periphery. We observed enrichment of two pro-tumor macrophage subpopulations with differential gene expression profiles that were localized within distinct tumor regions. Further characterization of the T cells present in one of the samples revealed a clonal expansion that we were able to localize in the tissue using in situ gene expression analysis. In situ analysis also allowed us to perform in-depth characterization of the microenvironment of the clonally expanded T cell population and we identified a third macrophage subpopulation with gene expression profiles consistent with an anti-tumor response. Our study provides a comprehensive map of the cellular composition of the CRC TME and identifies phenotypically and spatially distinct immune cell populations within it. We show that the single cell-scale resolution afforded by Visium HD and the whole transcriptome nature of the assay allows investigations into cellular function and interaction at the tumor periphery in FFPE tissues, which has not been previously possible.