# Recessive inactivating mutations in TBCK, encoding a Rab GTPase-activating protein that modulates mTOR signaling, cause severe infantile syndromic encephalopathy

## TL;DR

A new severe brain disorder in infants is caused by mutations in the TBCK gene, which affects brain development and signaling pathways.

## Contribution

Identification of TBCK as a novel gene responsible for a severe syndromic encephalopathy through biallelic inactivating mutations.

## Key findings

- Biallelic inactivating mutations in TBCK cause a severe neonatal encephalopathy with specific clinical features.
- TBCK is a Rab GTPase-activating protein, and loss of its function disrupts mTOR signaling and leads to brain atrophy.
- Structural analysis and modeling suggest that TBCK mutations impair Rab-GAP activity, contributing to disease.

## Abstract

Infantile encephalopathies are a group of clinically and biologically heterogeneous disorders for which the genetic basis remains largely unknown. Here, we report a previously unrecognized syndromic neonatal encephalopathy characterized by profound developmental disability, severe hypotonia, seizures, diminished respiratory drive requiring mechanical ventilation, brain atrophy, corpus callosum dysgenesis, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and facial dysmorphism. Biallelic inactivating mutations in TBCK (TBC1 domain-containing kinase) were independently identified by Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) as the cause of this condition in four unrelated families. Matching these families was facilitated by sharing phenotypic profiles and WES data in a recently released web-based tool (Geno2MP) that links phenotypic information to rare variants in families with Mendelian traits. TBCK is a putative GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for small GTPases of the Rab family and has been shown to control cell growth and proliferation, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and mTOR signaling. Two of the three mutations are predicted to truncate the protein (c.376C>T [p.Arg126*] and c.1363A>T [p.Lys455*]), and loss of the major TBCK isoform was confirmed in primary fibroblasts from one affected individual. The third mutation, c.1532G>A [p.Arg511His], alters a conserved residue within the TBC1 domain. Structural analysis implicates Arg511 as a required residue for Rab-GAP function, and in silico homology modeling predicts impaired GAP function in the corresponding mutant. These results suggest loss of Rab-GAP activity is the underlying mechanism of disease. In contrast to other disorders caused by dysregulated mTOR signaling associated with focal or global brain overgrowth, impaired TBCK function results in progressive loss of brain volume.