# The impact of radio-tags on Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris)

## TL;DR

This study examines how miniature radio-tags affect the flight and behavior of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, the smallest birds to be tagged.

## Contribution

The study provides empirical evidence on the impact of radio-tag weight and design on the flight performance of the smallest bird species.

## Key findings

- Radio-tags decreased flight time by 8% and modeled flight range by 23% compared to control birds.
- Lighter radio-tags (220mg) did not significantly affect flight time, unlike the heavier 240mg tags.
- Current lightweight radio-tags may be viable for studying hummingbird biology.

## Abstract

Radio telemetry has advanced the field of wildlife biology, especially with the miniaturization of radio-tags. However, the major limitation faced with radio-tagging birds is the size of the animal to which a radio-tag can be attached. We tested how miniature radio-tags affected flight performance and behavior of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris), possibly the smallest bird species to be fitted with radio-tags. Using eyelash adhesive, we fitted hatch year individuals (n=20 males and 15 females) with faux radio-tags of three sizes varying in mass and antenna length (220mg-12.7cm, 240mg-12.7cm, and 220mg-6.35cm), then filmed the birds in a field aviary to quantify activity budgets. We also estimated flight range using flight simulation models. When the three radio-tag packages were pooled for analysis, the presence of a radio-tag significantly decreased both flight time (-8%) and modeled flight range (-23%) when compared to control birds. However, a multiple comparison analysis between the different packages revealed that there was a significant difference in flight time when the larger radio-tag package (240mg) was attached and no significant difference in flight time when the lighter radio-tag packages (220mg) were attached. Our results are similar to other studies which analyzed the flight time or flight range of birds wearing radio-tags. Therefore, currently available light weight radio-tags (≤220mg) may be a new option to aid in the study of hummingbird biology. Future study should focus upon the additional drag created by the radio-tag and the effects of the lightest radio-tag packages on free ranging birds. These studies would provide additional information to determine the feasibility on the use of radio-tags to study hummingbird biology.