Beyond spontaneously broken symmetry in Bose-Einstein condensates
W. J. Mullin, F. Lalo\"e
TL;DR
This paper explores phenomena beyond traditional spontaneous symmetry breaking in Bose-Einstein condensates, focusing on quantum interference effects observed through population oscillations and the concept of a quantum angle.
Contribution
It introduces a framework to describe off-diagonal phase effects in BECs using the quantum angle, explaining Bell inequality violations and quantum interference of macroscopic states.
Findings
Observation of population oscillations indicating quantum interference
Introduction of the quantum angle as a key parameter
Demonstration of effects beyond SSB in BEC experiments
Abstract
Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) for Bose-Einstein condensates cannot treat phase off-diagonal effects, and thus not explain Bell inequality violations. We describe another situation that is beyond a SSB treatment: an experiment where particles from two (possibly macroscopic) condensate sources are used for conjugate measurements of the relative phase and populations. Off-diagonal phase effects are characterized by a "quantum angle" and observed via "population oscillations", signaling quantum interference of macroscopically distinct states (QIMDS).
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