# Statistical mechanics of two-dimensional Euler flows and minimum enstrophy states

## TL;DR

This paper uses a thermodynamic approach to analyze 2D Euler flows, deriving equilibrium states and relaxation equations, and explores phase transitions and metastable states with novel insights into negative specific heats.

## Contribution

It introduces a statistical mechanics framework for 2D Euler flows based on microscopic enstrophy conservation, deriving new relaxation equations and analyzing phase transitions.

## Key findings

- Gaussian vorticity fluctuations with linear mean flow relationship
- Equivalence of entropy maximization and enstrophy minimization under certain constraints
- Identification of metastable states with negative specific heats

## Abstract

A simplified thermodynamic approach of the incompressible 2D Euler equation is considered based on the conservation of energy, circulation and microscopic enstrophy. Statistical equilibrium states are obtained by maximizing the Miller-Robert-Sommeria (MRS) entropy under these sole constraints. The vorticity fluctuations are Gaussian while the mean flow is characterized by a linear $\bar{\omega}-\psi$ relationship. Furthermore, the maximization of entropy at fixed energy, circulation and microscopic enstrophy is equivalent to the minimization of macroscopic enstrophy at fixed energy and circulation. This provides a justification of the minimum enstrophy principle from statistical mechanics when only the microscopic enstrophy is conserved among the infinite class of Casimir constraints. A new class of relaxation equations towards the statistical equilibrium state is derived. These equations can provide an effective description of the dynamics towards equilibrium or serve as numerical algorithms to determine maximum entropy or minimum enstrophy states. We use these relaxation equations to study geometry induced phase transitions in rectangular domains. In particular, we illustrate with the relaxation equations the transition between monopoles and dipoles predicted by Chavanis and Sommeria [J. Fluid. Mech. 314, 267 (1996)]. We take into account stable as well as metastable states and show that metastable states are robust and have negative specific heats. This is the first evidence of negative specific heats in that context. We also argue that saddle points of entropy can be long-lived and play a role in the dynamics because the system may not spontaneously generate the perturbations that destabilize them.