# Radiation hardness qualification of PbWO4 scintillation crystals for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter **Authors:** The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter Group: P. Adzic (22), N. Almeida, (18), D. Andelin (33), I. Anicin (22, a), Z. Antunovic (4), R. Arcidiacono, (16), M. W. Arenton (33), E. Auffray (23), S. Argiro (16), A. Askew (40), S., Baccaro (15), S. Baffioni (8), M. Balazs (33), D. Bandurin (35), D. Barney, (23), L. M. Barone (15), A. Bartoloni (15), C. Baty (9), S. Beauceron (23),, K. W. Bell (29), C. Bernet (8), M. Besancon (7), B. Betev (25), R. Beuselinck, (30), C. Biino (16), J. Blaha (9), P. Bloch (23), A. Borisevitch (2), A., Bornheim (38), J. Bourotte (8), R. M. Brown (29), M. Buehler (33), P. Busson, (8), B. Camanzi (29), T. Camporesi (30), N. Cartiglia (16), F. Cavallari, (15), A. Cecilia (15, b), P. Chang (27), Y. H. Chang (26), C. Charlot (8),, E. A. Chen (26), W. T. Chen (26), Z. Chen (25), R. Chipaux (7), B. C., Choudhary (12), R. K. Choudhury (13), D. J. A. Cockerill (29), S. Conetti, (33), S. Cooper (36), F. Cossutti (17), B. Cox (33), D. G. Cussans (28), I., Dafinei (15), D. R. Da Silva Di Calafiori (25), G. Daskalakis (10), A. David, (18), K. Deiters (24), M. Dejardin (7), A. De Benedetti (36), G. Della Ricca, (17), D. Del Re (15), D. Denegri (7), P. Depasse (9), J. Descamps (7), M., Diemoz (15), E. Di Marco (15), G. Dissertori (25), M. Dittmar (25), L., Djambazov (25), M. Djordjevic (22), L. Dobrzynski (8), A. Dolgopolov (36), S., Drndarevic (22, a), G. Drobychev (2), D. Dutta (13), M. Dzelalija (4), A., Elliott-Peisert (23), H. El Mamouni (9), I. Evangelou (11), B. Fabbro (7), J., L. Faure (7), J. Fay (9), A. Fedorov (2), F. Ferri (7), D. Franci (15), G., Franzoni (36), K. Freudenreich (25), W. Funk (23), S. Ganjour (7), S. Gascon, (9), M. Gataullin (38), F. X. Gentit (7), A. Ghezzi (14, 23), A. Givernaud, (7), S. Gninenko (19), A. Go (26), B. Gobbo (17), N. Godinovic (3), N., Golubev (19), P. Govoni (14), N. Grant (28), P. Gras (7), M. Haguenauer (8),, G. Hamel de Monchenault (7), M. Hansen (23), J. Haupt (36), H. F. Heath (28),, B. Heltsley (34), W. Hintz (25), R. Hirosky (33), P. R. Hobson (31), A. Honma, (23), G. W. S. Hou (27), Y. Hsiung (27), M. Huhtinen (23), B. Ille (9), Q., Ingram (24), A. Inyakin (36), P. Jarry (7), C. Jessop (37), D. Jovanovic (22, and a), K. Kaadze (35), V. Kachanov (21), S. Kailas (13), S. K. Kataria (13),, B. W. Kennedy (29), P. Kokkas (11), T. Kolberg (37), M. Korjik (2), N., Krasnikov (19), D. Krpic (22, a), Y. Kubota (36), C. M. Kuo (26), P., Kyberd (31), A. Kyriakis (10), M. Lebeau (23), P. Lecomte (25), P. Lecoq, (23), A. Ledovskoy (33), M. Lethuillier (9), S. W. Lin (27), W. Lin (26), V., Litvine (38), E. Locci (7), E. Longo (15), D. Loukas (10), P. D. Luckey (25),, W. Lustermann (25), Y. Ma (38), M. Malberti (14), J. Malcl\`es (7), D., Maletic (22), N. Manthos (11), Y. Maravin (35), C. Marchica (24, 25), N., Marinelli (37), A. Markou (10), C. Markou (10), M. Marone (16), V. Matveev, (19), C. Mavrommatis (10), P. Meridiani (23), P. Milenovic (22, 25), P., Min\'e (8), O. Missevitch (2), A. K. Mohanty (13), F. Moortgat (25), P., Musella (18), Y. Musienko (19, 32), A. Nardulli (25), J. Nash (30), P., Nedelec (6), P. Negri (14), H. B. Newman (38), A. Nikitenko (30), F., Nessi-Tedaldi (25), M. M. Obertino (16), G. Organtini (15), T. Orimoto (38),, M. Paganoni (14), P. Paganini (8), A. Palma (15), L. Pant (13), A. Papadakis, (5), I. Papadakis (10), I. Papadopoulos (11), R. Paramatti (15), P. Parracho, (18), N. Pastrone (16), J. R. Patterson (34), F. Pauss (25), J-P. Peigneux, (6), E. Petrakou (10), D. G. Phillips II (33), P. Pirou\'e (39), F. Ptochos, (5), I. Puljak (3), A. Pullia (14), T. Punz (25), J. Puzovic (22, a), S., Ragazzi (14), S. Rahatlou (15), J. Rander (7), P. A. Razis (5), N. Redaelli, (14), D. Renker (24), S. Reucroft (32), P. Ribeiro (18), C. Rogan (38), M., Ronquest (33), A. Rosowsky (7), C. Rovelli (15), P. Rumerio (23), R. Rusack, (36), S. V. Rusakov (20), M. J. Ryan (30), L. Sala (25), R. Salerno (14), M., Schneegans (6), C. Seez (30), P. Sharp (23, 30), C. H., Shepherd-Themistocleous (29), J. G. Shiu (27), R. K. Shivpuri (12), P. Shukla, (13), C. Siamitros (31), D. Sillou (6), J. Silva (18), P. Silva (18), A., Singovsky (36), Y. Sirois (8), A. Sirunyan (1), V. J. Smith (28), F., St\"ockli (25), J. Swain (32), T. Tabarelli de Fatis (14), M. Takahashi (30),, V. Tancini (14), O. Teller (23), K. Theofilatos (25), C. Thiebaux (8), V., Timciuc (38), C. Timlin (30), M. Titov (7), A. Topkar (13), F. A. Triantis, (11), S. Troshin (21), N. Tyurin (21), K. Ueno (27), A. Uzunian (21), J., Varela (18, 23), P. Verrecchia (7), J. Veverka (38), T. Virdee (23 and, 30), M. Wang (27), D. Wardrope (30), M. Weber (25), J. Weng (25), J. H., Williams (29, *), Y. Yang (38), I. Yaselli (31), R. Yohay (33), A. Zabi (8),, S. Zelepoukine (21, 25), J. Zhang (36), L. Y. Zhang (38), K. Zhu (38) and, R. Y. Zhu (38) ((1) Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia, (2) Research, Institute for Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus, (3) Technical University of, Split, Split, Croatia, (4) University of Split, Split, Croatia, (5), University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, (6) Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de, Physique des Particules, IN2P3-CNRS, Annecy-le-Vieux, France, (7) DSM/DAPNIA,, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, (8) Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole, Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France, (9) Institut de Physique, Nucl\'eaire de Lyon, Universit\'e Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Villeurbanne, France,, (10) Institute of Nuclear Physics "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, Greece, (11), University of Io\'annina, Io\'annina, Greece, (12) University of Delhi,, Delhi, India, (13) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India, (14), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare e Universit\`a degli Studi di Milano, Bicocca, Milano, Italy, (15) Sapienza Universit\`a di Roma e Sezione, dell'INFN, Roma, Italy, (16) Universit\`a di Torino e Sezione dell'INFN,, Torino, Italy, (17) Universit\`a di Trieste e Sezione dell'INFN, Trieste,, Italy, (18) Laborat\'orio de Instrumenta\c{c}\~ao e F\'isica Experimental de, Part\'iculas, Lisboa, Portugal, (19) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow,, Russia, (20) Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia, (21) IHEP, Protvino,, Russia, (22) Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia, (23), CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland, (24), Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, (25) Institute for Particle, Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, (26) National Central University,, Chung-Li, Taiwan, (27) National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, (28), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, (29) Rutherford Appleton, Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom, (30) Imperial College, University of, London, London, United Kingdom, (31) Brunel University, Uxbridge, United, Kingdom, (32) Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, (33), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, (34) Cornell, University, Ithaca, New York, USA, (35) Kansas State University, Manhattan,, Kansas, USA, (36) University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, (37), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA, (38) California Institute of, Technology, Pasadena, California, USA, (39) Princeton University, Princeton,, NJ, USA, (40) Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, (a) Also at:, Faculty of Physics of University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, (b) Now at:, the Institut f\"ur Synchrotronstrahlung - ANKA, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,, Germany, (*) Deceased) arXiv: 0912.4300 ยท 2010-05-28 ## TL;DR This paper reviews the scientific and technological challenges faced in qualifying PbWO4 scintillation crystals for radiation hardness in the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter at CERN. ## Contribution It provides an overview of the issues and solutions related to producing and certifying radiation-hard PbWO4 crystals on an industrial scale. ## Key findings - Identification of key radiation damage mechanisms - Development of testing protocols for crystal certification - Successful production of radiation-hard crystals for CMS ## Abstract Ensuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews the related scientific and technological problems encountered. --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/0912.4300