Blazars as beamlights to probe the Extragalactic Background Light in the Fermi and Cherenkov telescopes era

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method to measure the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) by analyzing simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of blazars, combining optical, X-ray, HE, and VHE gamma-ray data to infer EBL density.

Contribution

The paper proposes a new approach using spectral energy distribution modeling and multi-band observations to directly estimate the EBL photon density from blazar data.

Findings

Applied method to PKS2155-304 with successful EBL constraints

Demonstrated improved EBL measurement accuracy with multi-state blazar observations

Showed potential for more precise EBL probing with future simultaneous multi-frequency data

Abstract

The Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) is the integrated light from all the stars that have ever formed, and spans the IR-UV range. The interaction of very-high-energy (VHE: E>100 GeV) gamma-rays, emitted by sources located at cosmological distances, with the intervening EBL results in electron-positron pair production that leads to energy-dependent attenuation of the observed VHE flux. This introduces a fundamental ambiguity in the interpretation of the measured VHE blazar spectra: neither the intrinsic spectra, nor the EBL, are separately known - only their combination is. In this paper we propose a method to measure the EBL photon number density. It relies on using simultaneous observations of blazars in the optical, X-ray, high-energy (HE: E>100 MeV) gamma-ray (from the Fermi telescope), and VHE gamma-ray (from Cherenkov telescopes) bands. For each source, the method involves best-fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) from optical through HE gamma-rays (the latter being largely unaffected by EBL attenuation as long as z<1) with a Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) model. We extrapolate such best-fitting models into the VHE regime, and assume they represent the blazars' intrinsic emission. Contrasting measured versus intrinsic emission leads to a determination of the gamma-gamma opacity to VHE photons - hence, upon assuming a specific cosmology, we derive the EBL photon number density. Using, for each given source, different states of emission will only improve the accuracy of the proposed method. We demonstrate this method using recent simultaneous multi-frequency observations of the blazar PKS2155-304 and discuss how similar observations can more accurately probe the EBL.