Nonlinear force-free modelling: influence of inaccuracies in the measured magnetic vector

TL;DR

This study assesses how inaccuracies in photospheric magnetic measurements, due to noise and instrumental effects, impact the accuracy of nonlinear force-free magnetic field extrapolations into the solar corona.

Contribution

It demonstrates that nonlinear force-free extrapolation methods are relatively robust to measurement noise and instrumental effects, enabling accurate coronal magnetic field reconstructions from realistic data.

Findings

Reconstructed magnetic fields are most accurate with ideal data.

Instrumental noise and effects reduce accuracy but remain within acceptable limits.

The method is insensitive to noise levels typical of current instruments.

Abstract

Context: Solar magnetic fields are regularly extrapolated into the corona starting from photospheric magnetic measurements that can suffer from significant uncertainties. Aims: Here we study how inaccuracies introduced into the maps of the photospheric magnetic vector from the inversion of ideal and noisy Stokes parameters influence the extrapolation of nonlinear force-free magnetic fields. Methods: We compute nonlinear force-free magnetic fields based on simulated vector magnetograms, which have been produced by the inversion of Stokes profiles, computed froma 3-D radiation MHD simulation snapshot. These extrapolations are compared with extrapolations starting directly from the field in the MHD simulations, which is our reference. We investigate how line formation and instrumental effects such as noise, limited spatial resolution and the effect of employing a filter instrument influence the resulting magnetic field structure. The comparison is done qualitatively by visual inspection of the magnetic field distribution and quantitatively by different metrics. Results: The reconstructed field is most accurate if ideal Stokes data are inverted and becomes less accurate if instrumental effects and noise are included. The results demonstrate that the non-linear force-free field extrapolation method tested here is relatively insensitive to the effects of noise in measured polarization spectra at levels consistent with present-day instruments. Conclusions heading: Our results show that we can reconstruct the coronal magnetic field as a nonlinear force-free field from realistic photospheric measurements with an accuracy of a few percent, at least in the absence of sunspots.