On Loops in Inflation

TL;DR

This paper investigates loop corrections to inflationary perturbations, revealing a universal logarithmic running of the form log(H/mu) instead of the previously thought log(k/mu), with implications for inflation's predictivity.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the super-horizon correlation functions are time-independent and introduces a new formalism for analyzing loop corrections in inflation.

Findings

Loop corrections exhibit a log(H/mu) running.

Super-horizon correlation functions are time-independent.

Divergences can be renormalized, ensuring physical consistency.

Abstract

We study loop corrections to correlation functions of inflationary perturbations. Previous calculations have found that the two-point function can have a logarithmic running of the form log(k/mu), where k is the wavenumber of the perturbation, and mu is the renormalization scale. We highlight that this result would have profound consequences for both eternal inflation and the predictivity of standard inflation. We find a different result. We consider two sets of theories: one where the inflaton has a large cubic self-interaction and one where the inflaton interacts gravitationally with N massless spectator scalar fields. We find that there is a logarithmic running but of the form log(H/mu), where H is the Hubble constant during inflation. We find this result in three independent ways: by performing the calculation with a sharp cutoff in frequency-momentum space, in dimensional regularization and by the simple procedure of making the loop integral dimensionless. For the simplest of our theories we explicitly renormalize the correlation function proving that the divergencies can be reabsorbed and that the correlation function for super-horizon modes does not depend on time (once the tadpole terms have been properly taken into account). We prove the time-independence of the super-horizon correlation function in several additional ways: by doing the calculation of the correlation function at finite time using both the regularizations and by developing a formalism which expresses loop corrections directly in terms of renormalized quantities at each time. We find this last formalism particularly helpful to develop intuition which we then use to generalize our results to higher loops and different interactions.