A Super-Earth and two Neptunes Orbiting the Nearby Sun-like star 61 Virginis

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a multi-planet system around the nearby Sun-like star 61 Virginis, including a Super-Earth and two Neptunes, based on 4.6 years of radial velocity data, and discusses its dynamical stability and photometric stability.

Contribution

First detection of a multi-planet system around a G-type star with a Super-Earth and two Neptunes using precision RV data.

Findings

Three planets with periods of 4.2, 38.0, and 124.0 days identified.

Planets have low-eccentricity orbits and are dynamically stable.

No significant photometric variations detected at planetary periods.

Abstract

We present precision radial velocity (RV) data that reveal a multiple exoplanet system orbiting the bright nearby G5V star 61 Virginis. Our 4.6 years of combined Keck/HIRES and Anglo-Australian Telescope precision RVs indicate the hitherto unknown presence of at least three planets orbiting this well-studied star. These planets are all on low-eccentricity orbits with periods of 4.2, 38.0, and 124.0 days, and projected masses (M sini) of 5.1, 18.2, and 24.0 M_Earth, respectively. Test integrations of systems consistent with the RV data suggest that the configuration is dynamically stable. Depending on the effectiveness of tidal dissipation within the inner planet, the inner two planets may have evolved into an eccentricity fixed-point configuration in which the apsidal lines of all three planets corotate. This conjecture can be tested with additional observations. We present a 16-year time series of photometric observations of 61 Virginis, which comprise 1194 individual measurements, and indicate that it has excellent photometric stability. No significant photometric variations at the periods of the proposed planets have been detected. This new system is the first known example of a G-type Sun-like star hosting a Super-Earth mass planet. It joins HD 75732 (55 Cnc), HD 69830, GJ 581, HD 40307, and GJ 876 as a growing group of exoplanet systems that have multiple planets orbiting with periods less than an Earth-year. The ubiquity of such systems portends that space-based transit-search missions such as KEPLER and COROT will find many multi-transiting systems.