Extragalactic millimeter-wave sources in South Pole Telescope survey data: source counts, catalog, and statistics for an 87 square-degree field

TL;DR

This study presents a detailed survey of extragalactic millimeter-wave sources using the South Pole Telescope, identifying populations of synchrotron and dust emission sources, including many previously uncatalogued high-redshift galaxies, advancing understanding of early universe galaxy formation.

Contribution

The paper provides the first extensive source counts and a catalog of millimeter-wave sources over 87 square degrees, distinguishing between synchrotron and dust-dominated populations, and identifying new high-redshift galaxy candidates.

Findings

Detected 188 sources with S/N > 4.5, including 141 synchrotron and 47 dust-dominated sources.

Most dust-dominated sources lack counterparts in existing catalogs, indicating new high-redshift galaxy populations.

2.0 mm counts are dominated by synchrotron sources; 1.4 mm counts by both populations depending on flux.

Abstract

We report the results of an 87 square-degree point-source survey centered at R.A. 5h30m, decl. -55 deg. taken with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) at 1.4 and 2.0 mm wavelengths with arc-minute resolution and milli-Jansky depth. Based on the ratio of flux in the two bands, we separate the detected sources into two populations, one consistent with synchrotron emission from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and one consistent with thermal emission from dust. We present source counts for each population from 11 to 640 mJy at 1.4 mm and from 4.4 to 800 mJy at 2.0 mm. The 2.0 mm counts are dominated by synchrotron-dominated sources across our reported flux range; the 1.4 mm counts are dominated by synchroton-dominated sources above ~15 mJy and by dust-dominated sources below that flux level. We detect 141 synchrotron-dominated sources and 47 dust-dominated sources at S/N > 4.5 in at least one band. All of the most significantly detected members of the synchrotron-dominated population are associated with sources in previously published radio catalogs. Some of the dust-dominated sources are associated with nearby (z << 1) galaxies whose dust emission is also detected by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS). However, most of the bright, dust-dominated sources have no counterparts in any existing catalogs. We argue that these sources represent the rarest and brightest members of the population commonly referred to as sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs). Because these sources are selected at longer wavelengths than in typical SMG surveys, they are expected to have a higher mean redshift distribution and may provide a new window on galaxy formation in the early universe.