Saturn's Exploration Beyond Cassini-Huygens

TL;DR

This paper discusses the importance of continued exploration of Saturn through remote sensing and probes to answer fundamental questions about its composition, magnetic field, rings, and formation, building on Cassini-Huygens findings.

Contribution

It highlights the need for future missions and measurements to uncover Saturn's internal structure, magnetic field, and ring composition, advancing planetary science beyond current knowledge.

Findings

Cassini-Huygens advanced understanding of Saturn's atmosphere and rings.

Key questions remain about Saturn's internal composition and magnetic field.

Future measurements could reveal detailed internal and ring structures.

Abstract

For its beautiful rings, active atmosphere and mysterious magnetic field, Saturn is a fascinating planet. It also holds some of the keys to understanding the formation of our Solar System and the evolution of giant planets in general. While the exploration by the Cassini-Huygens mission has led to great advances in our understanding of the planet and its moons, it has left us with puzzling questions: What is the bulk composition of the planet? Does it have a helium core? Is it enriched in noble gases like Jupiter? What powers and controls its gigantic storms? We have learned that we can measure an outer magnetic field that is filtered from its non-axisymmetric components, but what is Saturn's inner magnetic field? What are the rings made of and when were they formed? These questions are crucial in several ways: a detailed comparison of the compositions of Jupiter and Saturn is necessary to understand processes at work during the formation of these two planets and of the Solar System. This calls for the continued exploration of the second largest planet in our Solar System, with a variety of means including remote observations and space missions. Measurements of gravity and magnetic fields very close to the planet's cloud tops would be extremely valuable. Very high spatial resolution images of the rings would provide details on their structure and the material that form them. Last but not least, one or several probes sent into the atmosphere of the planet would provide the critical measurements that would allow a detailed comparison with the same measurements at Jupiter. [abridged abstract]