An application of Galactic parallax: the distance to the tidal stream GD-1

TL;DR

This paper evaluates the Galactic parallax method for measuring distances to stellar streams, demonstrating its feasibility and accuracy with GD-1 data and future prospects with upcoming surveys.

Contribution

It provides a practical assessment of Galactic parallax for GD-1, including uncertainty estimates and validation with real and simulated data, highlighting its potential for future surveys.

Findings

Galactic parallax can estimate GD-1's distance with ~50% uncertainty using current data.

Upcoming surveys like Pan-STARRS, LSST, and Gaia will improve distance accuracy to about 10-14%.

The estimated distance to GD-1 is 8 +/- 1 kpc, on a retrograde orbit.

Abstract

We assess the practicality of computing the distance to stellar streams in our Galaxy, using the method of Galactic parallax suggested by Eyre & Binney (2009). We find that the uncertainty in Galactic parallax is dependent upon the specific geometry of the problem in question. In the case of the tidal stream GD-1, the problem geometry indicates that available proper motion data, with individual accuracy ~4 mas/yr, should allow estimation of its distance with about 50 percent uncertainty. Proper motions accurate to ~1 mas/yr, which are expected from the forthcoming Pan-STARRS PS-1 survey, will allow estimation of its distance to about 10 percent uncertainty. Proper motions from the future LSST and Gaia projects will be more accurate still, and will allow the parallax for a stream 30 kpc distant to be measured with ~14 percent uncertainty. We demonstrate the feasibility of the method and show that our uncertainty estimates are accurate by computing Galactic parallax using simulated data for the GD-1 stream. We also apply the method to actual data for the GD-1 stream, published by Koposov et al. (2009). With the exception of one datum, the distances estimated using Galactic parallax match photometric estimates with less than 1 kpc discrepancy. The scatter in the distances recovered using Galactic parallax is very low, suggesting that the proper motion uncertainty reported by Koposov et al. (2009) is in fact over-estimated. We conclude that the GD-1 stream is (8 +/- 1) kpc distant, on a retrograde orbit inclined 37 deg to the plane, and that the visible portion of the stream is likely to be near pericentre.