Stellar Ages and Metallicities of Central and Satellite Galaxies: Implications for Galaxy Formation and Evolution

TL;DR

This study investigates how stellar ages and metallicities of central and satellite galaxies vary with stellar and halo mass, revealing environmental effects and model discrepancies that inform galaxy formation theories.

Contribution

It provides empirical measurements of stellar ages and metallicities in galaxy groups and evaluates semi-analytical models against these observations, highlighting areas for model improvement.

Findings

Satellites are older and more metal-rich than centrals of the same stellar mass.

Age and metallicity relations become shallower in denser environments.

Semi-analytical models reproduce some trends but fail to match metallicity dependence on halo mass.

Abstract

Using a large SDSS galaxy group catalogue, we study how the stellar ages and metallicities of central and satellite galaxies depend on stellar mass and halo mass. We find that satellites are older and metal-richer than centrals of the same stellar mass. In addition, the slopes of the age-stellar mass and metallicity-stellar mass relations are found to become shallower in denser environments. This is due to the fact that the average age and metallicity of low mass satellite galaxies increase with the mass of the halo in which they reside. A comparison with the semi-analytical model of Wang et al. (2008) shows that it succesfully reproduces the fact that satellites are older than centrals of the same stellar mass and that the age difference increases with the halo mass of the satellite. This is a consequence of strangulation, which leaves the stellar populations of satellites to evolve passively, while the prolonged star formation activity of centrals keeps their average ages younger. The resulting age offset is larger in more massive environments because their satellites were accreted earlier. The model fails, however, in reproducing the halo mass dependence of the metallicities of low mass satellites, yields metallicity-stellar mass and age-stellar mass relations that are too shallow, and predicts that satellite galaxies have the same metallicities as centrals of the same stellar mass, in disagreement with the data. We argue that these discrepancies are likely to indicate the need to (i) modify the recipes of both supernova feedback and AGN feedback, (ii) use a more realistic description of strangulation, and (iii) include a proper treatment of the tidal stripping, heating and destruction of satellite galaxies. [Abridged]