# OB Stars & Stellar Bowshocks in Cygnus-X: A Novel Laboratory Estimating Stellar Mass Loss Rates

## TL;DR

This study identifies stellar bowshocks in Cygnus-X using mid-IR imaging, confirms their nature through spectroscopy, and introduces a new method to estimate stellar mass loss rates based on bowshock physics.

## Contribution

It presents a novel approach to estimate stellar mass loss rates from bowshock observations, expanding the tools for studying stellar winds and evolution.

## Key findings

- Three probable bowshocks confirmed morphologically.
- Mass loss rates estimated between 10^-7 and 10^-6 solar masses/yr.
- Runaway OB star fraction near Cyg OB2 is about 0.5%.

## Abstract

We use mid-IR images from the Spitzer Cygnus~X Legacy Survey to search for stellar bowshocks, a signature of early type "runaway" stars with high space velocities. We identify ten arc-shaped nebulae containing centrally located stars as candidate bowshocks. New spectroscopic observations of five stars show that all are late O to early B dwarfs. Our morphologically selected sample of bowshock candidates encompasses diverse physical phenomena. Three of the stars appear to be pre-main-sequence objects on the basis of rising SEDs in the mid-IR, and their nebulae may be photon-dominated regions (PDRs). Four objects have ambiguous classification. These may be partial dust shells or bubbles. We conclude that three of the objects are probable bowshocks, based on their morphological similarity to analytic prescriptions. Their nebular morphologies reveal no systematic pattern of orientations that might indicate either a population of stars ejected from or large-scale hydrodynamic outflows from Cyg OB2. The fraction of runaways among OB stars near Cyg OB2 identified either by radial velocity or bowshock techniques is ~0.5%, much smaller than the 8% estimated among field OB stars. We also obtained a heliocentric radial velocity for the previously known bowshock star, BD+43\degr3654, of -66.2+/-9.4 km/s, solidifying its runaway status and implying a space velocity of 77+/-10 km/s. We use the principles of momentum-driven bowshocks to arrive at a novel method for estimating stellar mass loss rates. Derived mass loss rates range between 10^-7 and few x10^-6 solar masses/yr for the three O5V -- ~B2V stars identified as generating bowshocks. These values are at the upper range of, but broadly consistent with, estimates from other methods. (Abridged)