The minor role of gas-rich major mergers in the rise of intermediate-mass early types at z <~ 1

TL;DR

This study investigates galaxy structural evolution since z ~ 1, finding that gas-rich major mergers account for only about 20% of new early-type galaxies, implying minor mergers and secular processes are more influential.

Contribution

It provides evidence that minor mergers and secular processes, rather than gas-rich major mergers, primarily drive the structural transformation of intermediate-mass galaxies since z ~ 1.

Findings

Early-type galaxy fraction increases over time.

Most new early-type galaxies are not explained by major mergers.

Minor mergers and secular processes likely dominate structural evolution.

Abstract

We study the evolution of galaxy structure since z ~ 1 to the present. From a GOODS-S multi-band catalog we define (blue) luminosity- and mass-weighted samples, limited by M_B <= -20 and M_star >= 10^10 M_Sun, comprising 1122 and 987 galaxies, respectively. We extract early-type (E/S0/Sa) and late-type (Sb-Irr) subsamples by their position in the concentration-asymmetry plane, in which galaxies exhibit a clear bimodality. We find that the early-type fraction, f_ET, rises with cosmic time, with a corresponding decrease in the late-type fraction, f_LT, in both luminosity- and mass-selected samples. However, the evolution of the comoving number density is very different: the decrease in the total number density of M_B <= -20 galaxies since z = 1 is due to the decrease in the late-type population, which accounts for ~75% of the total star-formation rate in the range under study, while the increase in the total number density of M_star >= 10^10 M_Sun galaxies in the same redshift range is due to the evolution of early types. This suggests that we need a structural transformation between late-type galaxies that form stars actively and early-type galaxies in which the stellar mass is located. Comparing the observed evolution with the gas-rich major merger rate in GOODS-S, we infer that only ~20% of the new early-type galaxies with M_star >= 10^10 M_Sun appeared since z ~ 1 can be explained by this kind of mergers, suggesting that minor mergers and secular processes may be the driving mechanisms of the structural evolution of intermediate-mass (M_star ~ 4x10^10 M_Sun) galaxies since z ~ 1.