Modelling the radio emission from Cyg OB2 #5: a quadruple system?

TL;DR

This study re-analyzes 20 years of radio data on Cyg OB2 #5, revealing a model with a third star causing variable emission, and suggesting the system's complex stellar interactions and high mass-loss rate.

Contribution

It introduces a model of a quadruple system with a third star causing observed radio variability, supported by archival data analysis and radial velocity evidence.

Findings

Variable radio emission has a 6.7-year period.

Presence of a third star (Star C) orbiting the binary.

Mass-loss rate estimated at 3.4 x 10^{-5} solar masses per year.

Abstract

Fifty archival radio observations of the supergiant binary Cyg OB2 #5 using the Very Large Array over 20 years are re-examined to determine the location and character of the previously detected variable radio emission. The radio emission from the system consists of a primary component that is associated with the binary, and a non-thermal source (NE) that has been ascribed to a wind-collision region (WCR) between the stellar winds of the binary and that of a B-type star (Star D) to the NE. NE shows no evidence of variation in 23 epochs where it is resolved separately from the primary radio component, demonstrating that the variable emission arises in the primary. Since NE is non-variable, the radio flux from the primary can now be well determined for the first time, most especially in observations that do not resolve both the primary and NE components. The variable radio emission from the primary has a period of 6.7+/-0.3 years which is described by a simple model of a non-thermal source orbiting within the stellar wind envelope of the binary. Such a model implies the presence of a third, unresolved stellar companion (Star C) orbiting the 6.6-day binary with a period of 6.7 years. The variable non-thermal emission arises from either a WCR between Star C and the binary system, or possibly from Star C directly. The model gives a mass-loss rate of 3.4 x 10^{-5} solar mass/yr for Cyg OB2 #5, unusually high for an Of supergiant and comparable to that of WR stars, and consistent with an unusually strong He I 1.083-micron emission line, also redolent of WR stars. An examination of radial velocity observations suggests reflex motion of the binary due to Star C. The natures of NE and Star D are also examined. (abridged)