Spin-dependent boundary conditions for isotropic superconducting Green's functions

TL;DR

This paper derives spin-dependent boundary conditions for isotropic superconducting Green's functions, extending the Usadel equations to include ferromagnetic effects and enabling more accurate modeling of superconductor-ferromagnet heterostructures.

Contribution

The authors derive new spin-dependent boundary conditions for isotropic Green's functions, addressing limitations for structures with ferromagnetic elements in the Usadel framework.

Findings

Derived spin-dependent BCIGF for superconducting-ferromagnetic contacts.

Expressed BCIGF in terms of a few parameters for weakly polarized interfaces.

Provided explicit BCIGF for contacts with ferromagnetic insulators.

Abstract

The quasiclassical theory of superconductivity provides the most successful description of diffusive heterostructures comprising superconducting elements, namely, the Usadel equations for isotropic Green's functions. Since the quasiclassical and isotropic approximations break down close to interfaces, the Usadel equations have to be supplemented with boundary conditions for isotropic Green's functions (BCIGF), which are not derivable within the quasiclassical description. For a long time, the BCIGF were available only for spin-degenerate tunnel contacts, which posed a serious limitation on the applicability of the Usadel description to modern structures containing ferromagnetic elements. In this article, we close this gap and derive spin-dependent BCIGF for a contact encompassing superconducting and ferromagnetic correlations. This finally justifies several simplified versions of the spin-dependent BCIGF, which have been used in the literature so far. In the general case, our BCIGF are valid as soon as the quasiclassical isotropic approximation can be performed. However, their use require the knowledge of the full scattering matrix of the contact, an information usually not available for realistic interfaces. In the case of a weakly polarized tunnel interface, the BCIGF can be expressed in terms of a few parameters, i.e. the tunnel conductance of the interface and five conductance-like parameters accounting for the spin-dependence of the interface scattering amplitudes. In the case of a contact with a ferromagnetic insulator, it is possible to find explicit BCIGF also for stronger polarizations. The BCIGF derived in this article are sufficienly general to describe a variety of physical situations and may serve as a basis for modelling realistic nanostructures.