The Origin of the Hubble Sequence in Lambda-CDM Cosmology

TL;DR

This paper uses the Galform semi-analytic model within the Lambda-CDM framework to simulate galaxy formation, reproducing local galaxy types and exploring their evolution, while highlighting some discrepancies with observations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the Galform model can accurately reproduce local galaxy luminosity functions and explores galaxy evolution using the Millennium Simulation, revealing both successes and limitations.

Findings

Model reproduces local luminosity functions by galaxy type

Concur with observed merger rates and star formation histories

Predicts elliptical galaxy evolution inconsistent with observations

Abstract

The Galform semi-analytic model of galaxy formation is used to explore the mechanisms primarily responsible for the three types of galaxies seen in the local universe: bulge, bulge+disk and disk, identified with the visual morphological types E, S0/a-Sbc, and Sc-Scd, respectively. With a suitable choice of parameters the Galform model can accurately reproduce the observed local K_s-band luminosity function (LF) for galaxies split by visual morphological type. The successful set of model parameters is used to populate the Millennium Simulation with 9.4 million galaxies and their dark matter halos. The resulting catalogue is then used to explore the evolution of galaxies through cosmic history. The model predictions concur with recent observational results including the galaxy merger rate, the star formation rate and the seemingly anti-hierarchical evolution of ellipticals. However, the model also predicts significant evolution of the elliptical galaxy LF that is not observed. The discrepancy raises the possibility that samples of z~1 galaxies which have been selected using colour and morphological criteria may be contaminated with galaxies that are not actually ellipticals.