# Simulating X-ray Supercavities and Their Impact on Galaxy Clusters

## TL;DR

This paper uses gasdynamical simulations to study the evolution of energetic X-ray cavities in galaxy clusters caused by AGN outbursts, revealing their impact on cluster gas dynamics and mass distribution.

## Contribution

It introduces a two-dimensional simulation model of X-ray cavities inflated by cosmic rays, reproducing observed features and analyzing their effects on cluster gas and mass estimates.

## Key findings

- Simulations successfully reproduce observed cavity features and shocks.
- Cavity inflation causes long-lasting cluster expansion and gas outflows.
- Post-cavity outflows can explain discrepancies in cluster gas mass fractions.

## Abstract

Recent X-ray observations of hot gas in the galaxy cluster MS 0735.6+7421 reveal huge radio-bright, quasi-bipolar X-ray cavities having a total energy ~10^{62} ergs, the most energetic AGN outburst currently known. We investigate the evolution of this outburst with two-dimensional axisymmetric gasdynamical calculations in which the cavities are inflated by relativistic cosmic rays. Many key observational features of the cavities and associated shocks are successfully reproduced. The radial elongation of the cavities indicates that cosmic rays were injected into the cluster gas by a (jet) source moving out from the central AGN. AGN jets of this magnitude must be almost perfectly identically bipolar. The relativistic momentum of a single jet would cause a central AGN black hole of mass 10^9 M_{sun} to recoil at ~6000 km s^{-1}, exceeding kick velocities during black hole mergers, and be ejected from the cluster-center galaxy. When the cavity inflation is complete, 4PV underestimates the total energy received by the cluster gas. Deviations of the cluster gas from hydrostatic equilibrium are most pronounced during the early cavity evolution when the integrated cluster mass found from the observed gas pressure gradient can have systematic errors near the cavities of ~10-30%. The creation of the cavity with cosmic rays generates a long-lasting global cluster expansion that reduces the total gas thermal energy below that received from the cavity shock. One Gyr after this single outburst, a gas mass of ~ 6 \times 10^{11} M_{sun} is transported out beyond a cluster radius of 500 kpc. Such post-cavity outflows can naturally produce the discrepancy observed between the cluster gas mass fraction and the universal baryon fraction inferred from WMAP observations. (Abridged)