Inhomogeneities in the Universe with exact solutions of General Relativity

TL;DR

This paper explores the use of exact inhomogeneous solutions of General Relativity to model the Universe's inhomogeneities, challenging the assumption of homogeneity in cosmology and offering alternatives to dark matter and dark energy explanations.

Contribution

It develops the approach of using exact inhomogeneous solutions of Einstein's equations to better understand cosmic inhomogeneities and their effects on cosmological models.

Findings

Inhomogeneities significantly impact cosmological observations.

Exact solutions can model inhomogeneous universes without dark energy.

The approach offers a promising alternative to perturbation theory.

Abstract

It is commonly stated that we have entered the era of precision cosmology in which a number of important observations have reached a degree of precision, and a level of agreement with theory, that is comparable with many Earth-based physics experiments. One of the consequences is the need to examine at what point our usual, well-worn assumption of homogeneity associated to the use of perturbation theory begins to compromise the accuracy of our models. It is now a widely accepted fact that the effect of the inhomogeneities observed in the Universe cannot be ignored when one wants to construct an accurate cosmological model. Well-established physics can explain several of the observed phenomena without introducing highly speculative elements, like dark matter, dark energy, exponential expansion at densities never attained in any experiment (i.e. inflation), and the like. Two main classes of methods are currently used to deal with these issues. Averaging, sometimes linked to fitting procedures a la Stoegger and Ellis, provide us with one promising way of solving the problem. Another approach is the use of exact inhomogeneous solutions of General Relativity. This will be developed here.