Discovery of a 115 Day Orbital Period in the Ultraluminous X-ray Source NGC 5408 X-1

TL;DR

This paper reports the detection of a 115-day periodicity in the X-ray flux of ULX NGC 5408 X-1, suggesting it may be its orbital period, which provides insights into the nature of its binary system.

Contribution

The study identifies a significant 115-day periodicity in NGC 5408 X-1, proposing it as the orbital period of the black hole binary, a novel finding for this ULX.

Findings

Detected a 115-day periodicity with high significance.

The modulation amplitude decreases with increasing energy.

The periodicity is consistent with an orbital period hypothesis.

Abstract

We report the detection of a 115 day periodicity in SWIFT/XRT monitoring data from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 5408 X-1. Our ongoing campaign samples its X-ray flux approximately twice weekly and has now achieved a temporal baseline of ~485 days. Periodogram analysis reveals a significant periodicity with a period of 115.5 +- 4 days. The modulation is detected with a significance of 3.2 e-4. The fractional modulation amplitude decreases with increasing energy, ranging from 0.13 above 1 keV to 0.24 below 1 keV. The shape of the profile evolves as well, becoming less sharply peaked at higher energies. The periodogram analysis is consistent with a periodic process, however, continued monitoring is required to confirm the coherent nature of the modulation. Spectral analysis indicates that NGC 5408 X-1 can reach 0.3 - 10 keV luminosities of ~2 e40 ergs/s. We suggest that, like the 62 day period of the ULX in M82 (X41.4+60), the periodicity detected in NGC 5408 X-1 represents the orbital period of the black hole binary containing the ULX. If this is true then the secondary can only be a giant or supergiant star.