Revisiting the fossil group candidates UGC 842 and NGC 6034

TL;DR

This study reevaluates the classification of UGC 842 and NGC 6034 as fossil groups, revealing complex structures and challenging previous assumptions about their properties and dynamics.

Contribution

The paper provides new optical and spectroscopic analysis showing UGC 842 is a low-mass fossil group with unique features, and clarifies the status of NGC 6034 within larger structures.

Findings

NGC 6034 is embedded in a large structure with multiple clusters.

UGC 842 is confirmed as a fossil group but with lower velocity dispersion.

UGC 842 shows evidence of two structures along the line of sight.

Abstract

We present a new insight on NGC 6034 and UGC 842, two groups of galaxies previously reported in the literature as being fossil groups. The study is based on optical photometry and spectroscopy obtained with the CTIO Blanco telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey archival data. We find that NGC 6034 is embedded in a large structure, dominated by three rich clusters and other small groups. Its first and next four ranked galaxies have magnitude differences in the r band and projected distances which violate the optical criteria to classify it as a fossil group. We confirm that the UGC 842 group is a fossil group, but with about half the velocity dispersion that is reported in previous works. The velocity distribution of its galaxies reveals the existence of two structures in its line of sight, one with sigmaV ~ 223 km/s and another with sigmaV ~ 235 km/s, with a difference in velocity of ~820 km/s. The main structure is dominated by passive galaxies, while these represent ~60% of the second structure. The X-ray temperature for the intragroup medium of a group with such a velocity dispersion is expected to be kT ~0.5-1 keV, against the observed value of kT ~1.9 keV reported in the literature. This result makes UGC 842 a special case among fossil groups because (1) it represents more likely the interaction between two small groups, which warms the intragroup medium and/or (2) it could constitute evidence that member galaxies lost energy in the process of spiraling toward the group center, and decreased the velocity dispersion of the system. As far as we know, UGC 842 is the first low-mass fossil group studied in detail.