# Particle-Hole Symmetry Breaking in the Pseudogap State of Bi2201

## TL;DR

This study uses ARPES to reveal particle-hole symmetry breaking and spectral broadening in the pseudogap state of Bi2201, indicating a broken-symmetry phase distinct from superconductivity.

## Contribution

First ARPES evidence of particle-hole symmetry breaking and spatial symmetry breaking in the pseudogap state of a cuprate superconductor.

## Key findings

- Particle-hole symmetry breaking observed in ARPES data.
- Spectral broadening indicates spatial symmetry breaking.
- Broken symmetry occurs around the anti-node near the Brillouin zone boundary.

## Abstract

In conventional superconductors, a gap exists in the energy absorption spectrum only below the transition temperature (Tc), corresponding to the energy price to pay for breaking a Cooper pair of electrons. In high-Tc cuprate superconductors above Tc, an energy gap called the pseudogap exists, and is controversially attributed either to pre-formed superconducting pairs, which would exhibit particle-hole symmetry, or to competing phases which would typically break it. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) studies suggest that the pseudogap stems from lattice translational symmetry breaking and is associated with a different characteristic spectrum for adding or removing electrons (particle-hole asymmetry). However, no signature of either spatial or energy symmetry breaking of the pseudogap has previously been observed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Here we report ARPES data from Bi2201 which reveals both particle-hole symmetry breaking and dramatic spectral broadening indicative of spatial symmetry breaking without long range order, upon crossing through T* into the pseudogap state. This symmetry breaking is found in the dominant region of the momentum space for the pseudogap, around the so-called anti-node near the Brillouin zone boundary. Our finding supports the STM conclusion that the pseudogap state is a broken-symmetry state that is distinct from homogeneous superconductivity.

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/0911.0197