Magnetic Doppler imaging of the roAp star HD 24712

TL;DR

This study presents the first magnetic Doppler images of the roAp star HD 24712, revealing its magnetic field geometry and detailed surface abundance distributions of multiple elements, including rare earths, using spectropolarimetric data.

Contribution

It introduces a novel application of magnetic Doppler imaging to a roAp star, mapping magnetic and chemical surface structures simultaneously.

Findings

Confirmed a dipolar magnetic field structure.

Discovered elemental abundance correlations with magnetic poles.

Observed shifts in abundance regions among different elements.

Abstract

We present the first magnetic Doppler images of a rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star. We deduce information about magnetic field geometry and abundance distributions of a number of chemical elements on the surface of the hitherto best studied roAp star, HD 24712, using the magnetic Doppler imaging (MDI) code, INVERS10, which allows us to reconstruct simultaneously and consistently the magnetic field geometry and elemental abundance distributions on a stellar surface. For this purpose we analyse time series spectra obtained in Stokes I and V parameters with the SOFIN polarimeter at the Nordic Optical Telescope and recover surface abundance structures of sixteen different chemical elements, respectively ions, including Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, and Dy. For the rare earth elements (REE) Pr and Nd separate maps were obtained using lines of the first and the second ionization stage. We find and confirm a clear dipolar structure of the surface magnetic field and an unexpected correlation of elemental abundances with respect to this field: one group of elements accumulates solely where the positive magnetic pole is visible, whereas the other group avoids this region and is enhanced where the magnetic equatorial region dominates the visible stellar surface. We also observe relative shifts of abundance enhancement- or depletion regions between the various elements exhibiting otherwise similar behaviour.