Estimating Redshifts for Long Gamma-Ray Bursts

TL;DR

This paper presents a method to estimate redshifts of long gamma-ray bursts using light curve and spectral data, enabling redshift determination without spectroscopic or photometric measurements, which is useful for demographic studies.

Contribution

The authors develop a novel approach combining multiple luminosity indicators from Swift GRB data to estimate redshifts without spectroscopy, validated on 107 bursts.

Findings

Redshift estimates have a reduced χ² of 0.86 compared to spectroscopic redshifts.

The method achieves an RMS scatter of 0.26 in log redshift ratio.

Uncertainty in peak energy measurement limits accuracy for narrow energy band bursts.

Abstract

We are constructing a program to estimate the redshifts for GRBs from the original Swift light curves and spectra, aiming to get redshifts for the Swift bursts \textit{without} spectroscopic or photometric redshifts. We derive the luminosity indicators from the light curves and spectra of each burst, including the lag time between low and high photon energy light curves, the variability of the light curve, the peak energy of the spectrum, the number of peaks in the light curve, and the minimum rise time of the peaks. These luminosity indicators can each be related directly to the luminosity, and we combine their independent luminosities into one weighted average. Then with our combined luminosity value, the observed burst peak brightness, and the concordance redshift-distance relation, we can derive the redshift for each burst. In this paper, we test the accuracy of our method on 107 bursts with known spectroscopic redshift. The reduced $\chi^2$ of our best redshifts ($z_{best}$) compared with known spectroscopic redshifts ($z_{spec}$) is 0.86, and the average value of $log_{10}(z_{best}/z_{spec})$ is 0.01, with this indicating that our error bars are good and our estimates are not biased. The RMS scatter of $log_{10}(z_{best}/z_{spec})$ is 0.26. For Swift bursts measured over a relatively narrow energy band, the uncertainty in determining the peak energy is one of the main restrictions on our accuracy. Although the accuracy of our $z_{best}$ values are not as good as that of spectroscopic redshifts, it is very useful for demographic studies, as our sample is nearly complete and the redshifts do not have the severe selection effects associated with optical spectroscopy.