Localization of the X-ray Source in the Globular Cluster G1 with Chandra

TL;DR

This study precisely locates the X-ray source in globular cluster G1 using multi-telescope data, narrowing down possible origins to either a low-mass X-ray binary or an intermediate-mass black hole, with current data inconclusive.

Contribution

It provides the most accurate X-ray position of G1's source and evaluates the likelihood of different origins, highlighting the need for future radio observations.

Findings

X-ray source position refined with 0.15 arcsec error radius.

IMBH accretion unlikely based on luminosity and Bondi rate.

Probability of a cluster LMXB within error circle is about 0.7.

Abstract

We report the most accurate X-ray position of the X-ray source in the giant globular cluster G1 in M31 by using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). G1 is clearly detected with Chandra and by cross-registering with HST and CFHT images, we derive a 1-sigma error radius of 0.15 arcsec, significantly smaller than the previous measurement by XMM-Newton. We conclude that the X-ray emission of G1 is likely to come from within the core radius of the cluster. We have considered a number of possibilities for the origin of the X-ray emission but can rule all but two scenarios out: it could be due to either accretion onto a central intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH), or an ordinary low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB). Based on the X-ray luminosity and the Bondi accretion rate, an IMBH accreting from the cluster gas seems unlikely and we suggest that the X-rays are due to accretion from a companion. Alternatively, the probability that a 1.5 solar masses cluster LMXB lies within the 95 per cent X-ray error circle is about 0.7. Therefore we cannot rule out a single LMXB as the origin of the X-ray emission. While we cannot distinguish between different models with current observations, future high-resolution and high-sensitivity radio imaging observations will reveal whether there is an IMBH at the centre of G1.