Dirichlet Heat Kernel Estimates for $\Delta ^{\alpha /2}+ \Delta ^{\beta /2}$

TL;DR

This paper derives explicit sharp two-sided estimates for the heat kernels of a family of Lévy processes combining fractional Laplacians, uniformly in a parameter, leading to improved understanding of their Green functions and boundary behavior.

Contribution

It provides the first uniform sharp heat kernel estimates for a family of non-local operators interpolating between different fractional Laplacians.

Findings

Uniform sharp two-sided heat kernel estimates for $X^{a, D}$

Explicit Green function estimates derived from heat kernel bounds

Boundary Harnack principle with explicit decay rate

Abstract

For $d\geq 1$ and $0<\beta<\alpha<2$, consider a family of pseudo differential operators $\{\Delta^{\alpha} + a^\beta \Delta^{\beta/2}; a \in [0, 1]\}$ that evolves continuously from $\Delta^{\alpha/2}$ to $ \Delta^{\alpha/2}+ \Delta^{\beta/2}$. It gives arise to a family of L\'evy processes \{$X^a, a\in [0, 1]\}$, where each $X^a$ is the sum of independent a symmetric $\alpha$-stable process and a symmetric $\beta$-stable process with weight $a$. For any $C^{1,1}$ open set $D$, we establish explicit sharp two-sided estimates (uniform in $a\in [0,1]$) for the transition density function of the subprocess $X^{a, D}$ of $X^a$ killed upon leaving the open set $D$. The infinitesimal generator of $X^{a, D}$ is the non-local operator $\Delta^{\alpha} + a^\beta \Delta^{\beta/2}$ with zero exterior condition on $D^c$. As consequences of these sharp heat kernel estimates, we obtain uniform sharp Green function estimates for $X^{a, D}$ and uniform boundary Harnack principle for $X^a$ in $D$ with explicit decay rate.