Generation of equatorial jets by large-scale latent heating on the giant planets

TL;DR

Large-scale latent heating from water vapor condensation can generate multiple zonal jets on giant planets, explaining observed jet patterns and directions, with water abundance and planetary parameters being key factors.

Contribution

This study demonstrates through 3D simulations that latent heating from water vapor condensation can produce realistic jet structures on giant planets, highlighting the role of water abundance and planetary properties.

Findings

Simulations produce ~20 jets on Jupiter/Saturn and 3 on Uranus/Neptune.

Jupiter/Saturn cases show equatorial superrotation; Uranus/Neptune show subrotation.

Water abundance, planetary radius, and rotation rate influence jet direction and strength.

Abstract

Three-dimensional numerical simulations show that large-scale latent heating resulting from condensation of water vapor can produce multiple zonal jets similar to those on the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). For plausible water abundances (3-5 times solar on Jupiter/Saturn and 30 times solar on Uranus/Neptune), our simulations produce ~20 zonal jets for Jupiter and Saturn and 3 zonal jets on Uranus and Neptune, similar to the number of jets observed on these planets. Moreover, these Jupiter/Saturn cases produce equatorial superrotation whereas the Uranus/Neptune cases produce equatorial subrotation,consistent with the observed equatorial jet direction on these planets.Sensitivity tests show that water abundance, planetary rotation rate,and planetary radius are all controlling factors, with water playing the most important role; modest water abundances, large planetary radii, and fast rotation rates favor equatorial superrotation, whereas large water abundances favor equatorial subrotation regardless of the planetary radius and rotation rate. Given the larger radii, faster rotation rates, and probable lower water abundances of Jupiter and Saturn relative to Uranus and Neptune, our simulations therefore provide a possible mechanism for the existence of equatorial superrotation on Jupiter and Saturn and the lack of superrotation on Uranus and Neptune. Nevertheless, Saturn poses a possible difficulty, as our simulations were unable to explain the unusually high speed (~400m/s) of that planet's superrotating jet. The zonal jets in our simulations exhibit modest violations of the barotropic and Charney-Stern stability criteria. Overall, our simulations, while idealized, support the idea that latent heating plays an important role in generating the jets on the giant planets.