Black hole entropy predictions without the Immirzi parameter and Hawking radiation of a single-partition black hole

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new area spectrum for black holes based on modified variables, predicting entropy close to the Bekenstein-Hawking value without the Immirzi parameter and accurately reproducing degeneracy for single-partition black holes.

Contribution

The authors introduce a new set of variables leading to a corrected area spectrum that aligns with black hole entropy and degeneracy without adjusting the Immirzi parameter.

Findings

Predicted black hole entropy is approximately equal to A/4, close to the expected value.

Derived degeneracy formula matches numerical estimates with high accuracy.

Traditional Ashtekar-based spectra fail to reproduce degeneracy and proportionality constants.

Abstract

By pointing out an error in the previous derivation of the area spectrum based on Ashtekar's variables, we suggest a new area spectrum; instead of the norm of Ashtekar's gravitational electric field, we show that the norm of our "new" gravitational electric field based on our "newer" variables, which we construct in this paper for this purpose, gives the correct area spectrum. In particular, our "newer" variables are mathematically consistent; the constraint algebra is closed. Moreover, by using our new area spectrum, we "almost correctly" predict the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy without having to adjust the Immirzi parameter; we show that a numerical formula actually yielded $0.997\cdots$, which is very close to 1, the expected value with the black hole entropy given as $A/4$. We conjecture that the difference, 0.003, is due to the extra dimensions that may modify the area spectrum. Then, we derive a formula for the degeneracy for a single-partition black hole, i.e., a black hole made of a single unit area, and explicitly show that our area spectrum correctly reproduces the degeneracy. Furthermore, by using two totally different methods, we obtain the proportionality constant "$C$" related to the degeneracy. The first method based on fitting yields 172$\sim$173 while the second method yields 172.87$\cdots$, which strongly suggest that our area spectrum is on the right track. We also show that the area spectra based on Ashtekar variables neither reproduce the degeneracy of single-partition black hole nor yield agreement for $C$ obtained by using the two methods.